Ending extreme poverty has a negligible impact on global greenhouse gas emissions.

Growing consumption is both necessary to end extreme poverty1and one of the main drivers of greenhouse gas emissions2, creating a potential tension between alleviating poverty and limiting global warming. Most poverty reduction has historically occurred because of economic growth3-6, which means that reducing poverty entails increasing not only the consumption of people living in poverty but also the consumption of people with a higher income. Here we estimate the emissions associated with the economic growth needed to alleviate extreme poverty using the international poverty line of US $2.15 per day (ref. 7). Even with historical energy- and carbon-intensity patterns, the global emissions increase associated with alleviating extreme poverty is modest, at 2.37 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per year or 4.9% of 2019 global emissions. Lower inequality, higher energy efficiency and decarbonization of energy can ease this tension further: assuming the best historical performance, the emissions for poverty alleviation in 2050 will be reduced by 90%. More ambitious poverty lines require more economic growth in more countries, which leads to notably higher emissions. The challenge to align the development and climate objectives of the world is not in reconciling extreme poverty alleviation with climate objectives but in providing sustainable middle-income standards of living.

Changes in toxicity after mixing imidacloprid and cadmium: enhanced, diminished, or both? From a perspective of oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism in mice.

Imidacloprid (IMI) and cadmium (Cd) are pollutants of concern in the environment. Although investigations about their combined toxicity to organisms such as earthworms, aquatic worms, Daphnia magna, and zebrafish have been carried out, their combined toxicity to mammals remains unknow. In this study, twenty-four 8-week-old mice were arbitrarily separated into 4 groups: CK (control group), IMI (15 mg/kg bw/day, 1/10 LD50), Cd (15 mg/kg bw/day, 1/10 LD50), and IMI + Cd (15 mg/kg bw/day IMI + 15 mg/kg bw/d Cd) and the combined toxic effects of IMI and Cd were examined with biochemical (oxidative stress testing) and omics approaches (metabolomics and lipidomics). The results revealed changes in each treatment group in terms of oxidative stress, abnormalities in lipid metabolism, and disturbances in amino acid metabolism. Co-administration had antagonistic effects on MDA accumulation and lipid metabolism disorders while acting synergistically on changes in SOD and GSH-Px activities. It is worth noting that after analysis, the changes caused by mixed administration in vivo were closer to those caused by IMI administration alone. This study provides new insights into the combined toxicity of neonicotinoids and heavy metals, which is helpful for relevant environmental governance and further investigations about their impacts on human health and the environment.

A comparative study of different methods for the determination of cadmium in various tissues of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.).

Remediation of cadmium (Cd) pollution is one of the priorities of global environmental governance and accurate detection of Cd content is a key link in remediation of Cd pollution. This study aimed to compare three methods (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS)) for the determination of Cd with different tissues of various ramie varieties, and distinguish the advantage and disadvantage of each method. In total, 162 samples of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.), which is an ideal plant for heavy metal remediation, were detected and the results showed that the three methods were all suitable for the de-termination of Cd content in ramie. ICP-OES and ICP-MS were simpler, faster, and more sensitive than GF-AAS. ICP-MS could be recommended for the determination of samples with various concentrations of Cd. ICP-OES could be used for measurement of samples with > 100 mg/kg Cd content, while GF-AAS was suitable for the detection of samples with very high (> 550 mg/kg) or very low (< 10 mg/kg) Cd content. Overall, considering the accuracy, stability, and the cost of measurement, ICP-MS was the most suitable method for determination of Cd content. This study provides significant reference information for the research in the field of Cd pollution remediation.

Adsorption kinetics and mechanism of atrazine on iron-modified algal residue biochar in the presence of soil.

Atrazine has been widely used as an herbicide, and its harm has attracted more and more attention. In this study, magnetic algal residue biochar (MARB) was prepared from algae residue, a by-product of aquaculture, by ball milling it with ferric oxide to study the adsorption and removal of the triazine herbicide atrazine in a soil medium. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm results showed that atrazine removal by MARB reached 95.5% within 8 h at a concentration of 10 mg·L-1, but the removal rate dropped to 78.4% in the soil medium. The pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherms best described atrazine adsorption on MARB. It is estimated that the maximum adsorption capacity of MARB can reach 10.63 mg·g-1. The effects of pH, humic acids, and cations on the adsorption performance of MARB for atrazine were also studied. When pH was 3, the adsorption capacity of MARB was twice that of other pHs. Only in the presence of 50 mg·L-1 HA and 0.1 mol·L-1 NH4+, Na, and K, the adsorption capacity of MARB to AT decreased by 8% and 13%, respectively. The results showed that MARB had a stable removal profile over a wide range of conditions. The adsorption mechanisms involved multiple interaction forms, among which the introduction of iron oxide promoted hydrogen bonding formation and π-π interactions by enriching -OH and -COO on the surface of MARB. Overall, the magnetic biochar prepared in this study can be used as an effective adsorbent to remove atrazine in complex environments and is ideal for algal biomass waste treatment and environmental governance.+.

Non-disclosure of developmental neurotoxicity studies obstructs the safety assessment of pesticides in the European Union.

BACKGROUND: In the European Union (EU), the safety assessment of plant protection products relies to a large extent on toxicity studies commissioned by the companies producing them. By law, all performed studies must be included in the dossier submitted to authorities when applying for approval or renewal of the active substance. METHODS: For one type of toxicity, i.e. developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), we evaluated if studies submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had also been disclosed to EU authorities. RESULTS: We identified 35 DNT studies submitted to the U.S. EPA and with the corresponding EU dossiers available. Of these, 9 DNT studies (26%) were not disclosed by the pesticide company to EU authorities. For 7 of these studies, we have identified an actual or potential regulatory impact. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that (1) non-disclosure of DNT studies to EU authorities, in spite of clear legal requirements, seems to be a recurring phenomenon, (2) the non-disclosure may introduce a bias in the regulatory risk assessment, and (3) without full access to all performed toxicity studies, there can be no reliable safety evaluation of pesticides by EU authorities. We suggest that EU authorities should cross-check their data sets with their counterparts in other jurisdictions. In addition, applications for pesticide approval should be cross-checked against lists of studies performed at test facilities operating under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), to ensure that all studies have been submitted to authorities. Furthermore, rules should be amended so that future studies should be commissioned by authorities rather than companies. This ensures the authorities' knowledge of existing studies and prevents the economic interest of the company from influencing the design, performance, reporting and dissemination of studies. The rules or practices should also be revised to ensure that non-disclosure of toxicity studies carries a significant legal risk for pesticide companies.

Environmental Protection or Development? Multiple Policy Effects Evaluation of the Resource Tax Collection Reform for Iron Ore Enterprises in China.

The change from quantity-based taxation to price-based taxation of iron ore resources is an important measure for China to implement the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization, and to achieve green economic recovery. To explore the policy's effectiveness in playing its tax function, and improving the environment and production efficiency, this paper takes the reform of the method of resource tax collection as the "quasi natural experiment" object, and selects the balanced panel data of 16 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021. The double difference method is used to evaluate the policy effect of the reform of resource tax collection. The research shows that: (1) Changing the resource tax from a "volume-based tax" to an "ad valorem tax" can effectively increase the government's resource tax revenue, and promote the upgrading of enterprise production technology. (2) The reform of resource tax collection will eliminate some small and medium-sized enterprises that are backward in production technology and bring more pollution to the environment. (3) The reform of resource tax collection mode will increase the number of large and medium-sized iron ore enterprises and promote the standardization of the whole iron ore industry.

"Somos a terra lutando para sobreviver": histórias de vida de mulheres agroecologistas / "We are the earth struggling to survive": life stories of female agroecologists / "Somos la tierra luchando por sobrevivir": historias de vida de mujeres agroecólogas

A luta pela terra e seu uso incide na forma como as subjetividades têm sido produzidas no Brasil. No contexto capitalista, patriarcal e machista, vive-se um processo de exploração da mão de obra de mulheres e de recursos naturais da Terra. Este estudo objetivou conhecer histórias de vida de mulheres agricultoras rurais que participam de movimentos sociais agroecológicos no Rio Grande do Sul. Participaram do estudo três mulheres agricultoras, com idades entre 21 e 53 anos, residentes e trabalhadoras em zonas rurais das cidades de Viamão e Rolante, escolhidas por conveniência. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário sociodemográfico, entrevista de história de vida e observação participante, os quais foram, posteriormente, submetidos à análise temática. Os resultados demonstram que as histórias de vida das mulheres relatadas são marcadas por lutas e formas de resistência. Para além das situações de conflitos e falta de recursos, avistam-se questões próprias de gênero, como a invisibilidade feminina e a desigualdade no acesso à terra por mulheres. A construção de base e o fortalecimento do papel político das mulheres nos movimentos sociais permite inferir que existem melhorias significativas nas desigualdades e injustiças no meio rural. Contudo, pontua-se a necessidade de se promover o diálogo entre os movimentos sociais, as mulheres e a sociedade política sobre os modelos atuais de políticas públicas existentes, possibilitando, assim, avançar nas discussões a respeito da promoção da equidade de gênero nos espaços rurais, bem como potencializar o avanço das práticas agroecológicas em direção à superação do capitalismo.(AU)

The struggle for land and its use affects the way subjectivities have been produced in Brazil. In the capitalist, patriarchal, and male-chauvinist context, women's labor and the Earth's natural resources are strongly exploited. This study aimed to know the life stories of female farmers who participate in agroecological social movements in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Three female farmers, aged from 21 to 53, residents and workers in rural areas of the municipalities of Viamão and Rolante, chosen by convenience, participated in the study. The instruments used were: sociodemographic questionnaire, a life story interview, and participant observation, which were later subjected to thematic analysis. The results show that the participants' life stories are marked by struggles and means of resistance. In addition to conflicts and lack of resources, there are specific gender issues, such as female invisibility and inequality in women's access to land. The grassroots construction and the strengthening of the political role of women in social movements allow us to infer that there are significant improvements in inequalities and injustices in rural areas. However, it is necessary to promote dialogue between social movements, women, and political society about the current models of existing public policies, thus making it possible to advance in discussions about gender equity in rural spaces, as well as to enhance the advancement of agroecological practices to overcoming capitalism.(AU)

La lucha por la tierra y su uso afecta a la forma en que se han producido las subjetividades en Brasil. En el contexto capitalista, patriarcal y machista, hay un proceso de explotación del trabajo de las mujeres y de los recursos naturales de la tierra. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer las historias de vida de agricultoras rurales que participan en movimientos sociales agroecológicos en Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Participaron en el estudio tres agricultoras, de entre 21 y 53 años, residentes y trabajadoras en áreas rurales de las ciudades de Viamão y Rolante, elegidas por conveniencia. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: cuestionario sociodemográfico, entrevista de historia de vida y observación participante, cuyos datos posteriormente se sometieron a análisis temático. Los resultados muestran que las historias de vida de las mujeres relatadas están marcadas por luchas y formas de resistencia. A las situaciones de conflicto y falta de recursos se suman cuestiones específicas de género, como la invisibilidad femenina y la desigualdad en el acceso de las mujeres a la tierra. La construcción popular y el fortalecimiento del papel político de las mujeres en los movimientos sociales permiten inferir que hay mejoras significativas en las desigualdades e injusticias en las zonas rurales. Sin embargo, es necesario promover el diálogo entre los movimientos sociales, las mujeres y la sociedad sobre los modelos actuales de las políticas públicas existentes, para posibilitar avances en las discusiones sobre la promoción de la equidad de género en los espacios rurales y potenciar el avance de las prácticas agroecológicas hacia la superación del capitalismo.(AU)

Análise dos critérios de priorização dos investimentos do FEHIDRO no período de 1995 a 2019 / Analysis of FEHIDRO's investment prioritization criteria from 1995 to 2019, 2023

Em 1989 foi instituído no estado de São Paulo o sistema integrado de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos, de forma a reunir órgãos municipais, estaduais e sociedade civil e assegurar os meios financeiros e institucionais para finalidades específicas, como a utilização racional dos recursos hídricos, superficiais e subterrâneos, assegurando o uso prioritário para o abastecimento das populações. A lei foi elaborada de forma garantir a gestão descentralizada, participativa e integrada dos recursos hídricos em relação às particularidades de cada Bacia Hidrográfica. O FEHIDRO - Fundo Estadual de Recursos Hídricos tem como objetivo dar suporte a política de recursos hídricos promulgada por meio do financiamento de programas e ações na área, de modo a promover a melhoria e a proteção de corpos d´água e de suas Bacias Hidrográficas. O fundo investiu no período de 1995 a 2019 R$ 916.955.735,79 em 5.886 empreendimentos concluídos (SInFEHIDRO). O aumento da captação do fundo associado ao papel da água como recurso natural essencial à vida, ao desenvolvimento econômico e ao bem-estar social reforça a criticidade e a importância da melhoria contínua da gestão dos recursos hídricos. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar os investimentos realizados e apresentar um diagnóstico com proposta de indicadores e subsídios para priorização de projetos a serem contemplados pelo fundo, visando atender a indicadores tidos como prioritários para a universalização da água potável e melhor índice de qualidade dos mananciais. Essa análise será fundamentada com o método de revisão bibliográfica e levantamento de dados dos empreendimentos disponibilizados pelo Sistema Integrado de Recursos Hídricos (SIGRH).

In 1989, the state of São Paulo established an integrated water resources management system, in order to gather municipal, state and civil society bodies and to ensure financial and institutional means for specific purposes, such as the rational use of water resources, surface and underground, ensuring priority use to supply the population. The law was designed to ensure decentralized, participatory and integrated management of water resources in relation to the particularities of each Hydrographic Basin. FEHIDRO - State Water Resources Fund aims to support the water resources policy enacted by financing programs and actions in the area, in order to promote the improvement and protection of water bodies and their hydrographic basins. From 1995 to 2019, the fund invested R$ 916.955.735,79 in 5,886 completed projects (SInFEHIDRO). The increase in funding from the fund associated with the role of water as a natural resource essential to life, economic development and social well-being reinforces the criticality and importance of continuous improvement in the management of water resources. The objective of this work is to analyze the investments made and present a diagnosis with a proposal of indicators and subsidies for prioritizing projects to be contemplated by the fund, aiming to meet the indicators considered as priorities for the universalization of drinking water and a better index of quality of springs. This analysis will be based on the method of bibliographic review and survey of data from the projects made available by the Integrated Water Resources System (SIGRH).

Políticas desenvolvimentistas e mulheres quebradeiras de coco babaçu: capturas contemporâneas / Developmentalist policies and babassu coconut-breaking women: contemporary catches / Políticas desarrollistas y las mujeres que rompen coco babaçu: capturas contemporáneas

Este estudo propõe analisar as relações e os processos de subjetivação de mulheres quebradeiras de coco babaçu decorrentes das intervenções de políticas desenvolvimentistas em seus territórios de vida e reverberações no Movimento Interestadual de Quebradeiras de Coco Babaçu (MIQCB). Sob a perspectiva ético-estético-política da Cartografia, acompanhamos as narrativas das histórias de vida de 24 mulheres, suas atividades cotidianas e eventos do MIQCB, também analisamos os documentos das políticas. Entendemos que, ao passo que tais políticas de desenvolvimento rural contribuem para a melhoria das condições de vida, em termos materiais e simbólicos, elas também produzem ressonâncias relacionadas ao modo de subjetivação do tipo "empresário de si", que agenciam seus modos de viver, de produzir e de se relacionar consigo e com os outros na lógica capitalista neoliberal. A resistência às capturas neoliberais também estão presentes ao ampliarem as mobilizações coletivas do próprio movimento, articulando com outros na produção de um "comum".(AU)

This study proposes to analyze the relations and the processes of subjectivation of babassu coconut-breaker women arising from developmental policy interventions in their territories of life and reverberations in the Babassu Coconut-breaker Interstate Movement (MIQCB). From the ethical-aesthetic-political perspective of Cartography, we followed the narratives of the life stories of 24 women, their daily activities and promoted events by MIQCB, we also analyzed the policy documents. We understand that while these policies of rural development contribute to improve the living conditions, in material and symbolic terms, they also produce resonances related to the "self-entrepreneur" mode of subjectivation, which has been handling their ways of living, producing, and relating to themselves and others in the neoliberal capitalist logic. Resistance to neoliberal captures is also present as they expand the collective mobilizations of the movement itself, articulating with others, in the production of a "common."(AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los procesos de subjetivación de las mujeres que rompen coco babaçu que surgen de las intervenciones de las políticas de desarrollo en sus territorios de vida y las reverberaciones en el Movimiento Interestadual de las Mujeres que Rompen Coco Babaçu (MIQCB). Desde la perspectiva ético-estético-política de la Cartografía, seguimos las narraciones de las historias de vida de 24 mujeres, sus actividades diarias y eventos del MIQCB, y también analizamos los documentos de las políticas. Si bien estas políticas han contribuido a mejorar las condiciones de vida de las mujeres, en términos materiales y simbólicos, también han producido resonancias del modo de subjetivación "autoempresarial", que ha agenciado sus formas de vivir, producir y relacionarse consigo mismas y con los demás en la lógica capitalista neoliberal. La resistencia a las capturas neoliberales también está presente cuando amplían las movilizaciones colectivas del propio movimiento, articulándose con otros en la producción de un "común".(AU)

Apropriação dos espaços urbanos na infância e na velhice em Brasília (DF) / Occupation of urban spaces in childhood and old age in Brasilia, Brazil / Apropiación de espacios urbanos en la infancia y en la vejez en Brasília, Brasil

Os estudos sobre as relações mútuas entre as pessoas e o ambiente buscam subsidiar melhorias no contexto urbano a partir de métodos e técnicas pautados na compreensão do uso de espaços públicos e privados. A crescente demanda pela promoção de ambientes amigáveis para idosos e crianças nos cenários urbanos direcionou esta pesquisa e elencou dois componentes: o panorama relativo à população local e o arcabouço teórico da psicologia ambiental. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar as principais atividades realizadas por crianças e idosos em seus respectivos locais de moradia. Foram avaliados os principais usos e atividades desses dois grupos, em duas vizinhanças, diferenciando-os de acordo com suas especificidades em termos de demandas individuais e ambientais. As observações sistemáticas a partir da técnica de mapeamento comportamental centrado no lugar (MCCL) ocorreram na cidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal (DF) e permitiram compreender o processo de apropriação dos espaços na infância e na velhice e suas repercussões em termos da congruência pessoa-ambiente. Cada um destes setores organizados a partir de elementos específicos direciona as ações dos participantes para determinados tipos de comportamentos, observados de maneira a compor um roteiro em que a brincadeira (lazer ativo) surge como central na infância e a caminhada (circulação) como mais potente para a população idosa. Os resultados demonstram que o diálogo entre a psicologia ambiental e a ciência do desenvolvimento humano tem sido bastante profícuo e tem contribuído para a compreensão de aspectos da relação pessoa-ambiente em diferentes momentos do ciclo de vida.(AU)

Studies on the mutual relations between people and the environment seek to support improvements in the urban context from methods and techniques based on understanding the use of public and private spaces. The growing demand for the promotion of friendly urban environments for older people and children guided this research, with two notable components: the panorama related to the local population and the theoretical framework of Environmental Psychology. Therefore, we sought to identify the main activities carried out by children and older people in their respective dwellings. The main uses and activities of these two groups were evaluated in two neighborhoods, differentiating them according to their specificities in terms of individual and environmental demands. Systematic observations using the place-centered behavioral mapping technique took place in the city of Brasília, Federal District, and allowed us to understand the process of appropriation of spaces in childhood and old age and its repercussions in terms of person-environment congruence. Each of these sectors, organized from specific elements, directs the participants' actions towards certain types of behavior, observed in order to compose a script in which playing (active leisure) emerges as central in childhood and walking (circulation) as more potent for the older people. The results demonstrated that the dialogue between environmental psychology and the science of human development has been very fruitful and has contributed to the understanding of aspects of the person-environment relationship at different times in the life cycle.(AU)

Los estudios sobre las relaciones mutuas entre las personas y el medio ambiente buscan aportar mejoras en el contexto urbano mediante métodos y técnicas basados en la comprensión del uso de los espacios públicos y privados. La creciente demanda de la promoción de ambientes amigables para las personas mayores y los niños en entornos urbanos guio esta investigación y enumeró dos componentes: el panorama relacionado con la población local y el marco teórico de la Psicología Ambiental. En este contexto, buscamos identificar las principales actividades que realizan los niños y las personas mayores en sus respectivas viviendas. Se evaluaron los principales usos y actividades de estos dos grupos en dos barrios, diferenciándolos según sus especificidades en cuanto a las demandas individuales y ambientales. Las observaciones sistemáticas utilizando la técnica de mapeo conductual centrado en el lugar (MCCL) ocurrieron en la ciudad de Brasília, Distrito Federal (Brasil) y nos permitieron comprender el proceso de apropiación de espacios en la infancia y la vejez y sus repercusiones en la congruencia persona-ambiente. Cada uno de estos sectores, organizados a partir de elementos específicos, orienta las acciones de los participantes hacia determinados comportamientos, observados para componer un guion en el que el juego (ocio activo) emerge como central en la infancia y el caminar (circulación) como el más potente para las personas mayores. Los resultados demuestran que el diálogo entre la Psicología Ambiental y la ciencia del desarrollo humano ha sido muy fructífero y ha contribuido a la comprensión de aspectos de la relación persona-entorno en diferentes momentos del ciclo de vida.(AU)

Cooperação intermunicipal na Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente: as capacidades estatais importam? / Cooperación intermunicipal en la Política Ambiental Nacional: ¿importan las capacidades del estado? / Intermunicipal cooperation in the National Environmental Policy: do state capacities matter?

Resumo O desenho institucional do Sistema Nacional de Meio Ambiente (Sisnama) atribui aos municípios responsabilidades complexas e, muitas vezes, inviáveis em termos financeiros, técnicos e operacionais. Diante disso, a cooperação surge como uma alternativa para enfrentar a ausência de recursos e a incapacidade de alguns municípios executarem, de maneira isolada, as diretrizes previstas pela Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente (PNMA). Esta pesquisa examina a relação entre cooperação intermunicipal e capacidade estatais municipais na implementação da política ambiental no Brasil, visando identificar se essas capacidades, em suas diferentes dimensões, têm características relevantes para os municípios que participam de consórcios públicos na área de meio ambiente. Com o uso de dados secundários, a pesquisa empregou uma abordagem quantitativa, por meio da análise de regressão logística, investigando a incidência dos arranjos cooperativos intermunicipais para 4.479 municípios brasileiros. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram, em linhas gerais, que, na implementação em nível local da PNMA, uma alta capacidade administrativa e maior desempenho fiscal tendem a diminuir os incentivos para o município cooperar com outros, enquanto a disponibilidade de capacidade técnica, político-relacional e institucional aumenta a probabilidade de cooperação.

Resumen El diseño institucional del Sistema Nacional Ambiental asigna responsabilidades complejas a los municipios, muchas veces inviables en términos financieros, técnicos y operativos. Ante esto, la cooperación surge como una alternativa para enfrentar la falta de recursos y la incapacidad de algunos municipios para ejecutar los lineamientos previstos por la Política Nacional Ambiental (PNMA) de manera aislada. Esta investigación examina la relación entre la cooperación intermunicipal y las capacidades estatales municipales en la implementación de la política ambiental en Brasil, con el objetivo de identificar si las capacidades estatales, en sus diferentes dimensiones, tienen características relevantes para los municipios que participan en consorcios públicos en el área de medio ambiente. Con base en el uso de datos secundarios, la investigación emplea un enfoque cuantitativo, a través del análisis de regresión logística, investigando la incidencia de los arreglos cooperativos intermunicipales para 4.479 municipios brasileños. Los resultados encontrados demuestran, en términos generales, que en la implementación a nivel local de la PNMA, una alta capacidad administrativa y un mayor desempeño fiscal tienden a reducir los incentivos para que el municipio coopere con otros, mientras que la disponibilidad de recursos técnicos, la capacidad político-relacional e institucional aumenta la probabilidad de cooperación.

Abstract The institutional framework of the National Environmental System assigns complex responsibilities to municipalities, which are often unviable in financial, technical, and operational terms. Cooperation emerges as an alternative to face the lack of resources and the inability of some municipalities to execute the guidelines provided for by the National Environmental Policy in an isolated way. This research examines the relationship between intermunicipal cooperation and municipal state capacities in the implementation of the environmental policy in Brazil, aiming to identify if state capacity, in different dimensions, is a relevant characteristic for municipalities participating in environmental public consortiums. This research used secondary data to employ a quantitative approach through logistic regression analysis, investigating the occurrence of intermunicipal cooperative arrangements in 4.479 Brazilian municipalities. In general terms, the results demonstrate that high administrative capacity and greater fiscal performance tend to reduce the incentives for the municipality to cooperate with others while implementing the PNMA at the local level. Also, the findings indicate that the availability of technical, political-relational, and institutional capacity increases the probability of cooperation.

Method and mechanism of chromium removal from soil: a systematic review.

Heavy metal pollution has increasingly affected human life, and the treatment of heavy metal pollution, especially chromium pollution, is still a major problem in the field of environmental governance. As a commonly used industrial metal, chromium can easily enter the environment with improperly treated industrial waste or wastewater, then pollute soil and water sources, and eventually accumulate in the human body through the food chain. Many countries and regions in the world are threatened by soil chromium pollution, resulting in the occurrence of cancer and a variety of metabolic diseases. However, as a serious threat to agriculture, food, and human health. Notwithstanding, there are limited latest and systematic review on the removal methods, mechanisms, and effects of soil chromium pollution in recent years. Hence, this article outlines some of the methods and mechanisms for the removal of chromium in soil, including physical, chemical, biological, and biochar methods, which provide a reference for the treatment and research on soil chromium pollution drawn from existing publications.

[Evaluation of eutrophication level changes in Baiyangdian Lake based on multiple biological groups]. / 应用多种生物类群评价白洋淀水环境质量变化.

Baiyangdian Lake is the largest shallow lake in the North China Plain. Due to the increases in upstream water consumption in recent decades, the amount of natural water entering the lake has decreased, resulting in a significant drop in the water level of Baiyangdian Lake. Severe eutrophication has occurred in Baiyangdian Lake owing to the discharge of domestic sewage around the sub-lakes. With the establishment of the Xiong'an New Area in 2017, the importance of environmental governance and protection of Baiyangdian Lake has been unprecedentedly increased. The implementation of ecological water supplement from upstream reservoirs and other basins has significantly increased water level of Baiyangdian Lake. Moreover, domestic sewage from surrounding rural areas was collected. In order to understand the current state of water quality in Baiyangdian Lake, and to evaluate the effects of the previous water replenishment and pollution control projects, we investigated water physicochemical variables and aquatic organisms of Baiyangdian Lake in August 2019. We evaluated water quality status of Baiyangdian Lake based on water quality, phytoplankton, zooplankton and macrozoobenthos, by comparing with the evaluation based on the survey data in 2010. In addition, submerged macrophytes were used to evaluate the water ecological status. The results showed that the water quality state of Baiyangdian Lake in 2019 was greatly improved compared with 2010. Among them, total phosphorus concentration decreased by 88.6%, total nitrogen concentration decreased by 83.9%, chlorophyll a concentration decreased by 47.8%, and the Seechi depth increased by 43.4%. The diversity of zooplankton and macrozoobenthos were significantly increased, the density of phytoplankton was significantly reduced, the dominant species of phytoplankton changed from a general highly eutrophic type to a eutrophic type, and the distribution of the clean-type submerged macrophytes was narrowed. The evaluation methods based on submerged macrophytes species and based on zooplankton diversity were not suitable for water quality evaluation in Baiyangdian Lake. In the early stage, the pollution source of Baiyangdian Lake was concentrated in the west, which led to lower water quality. Nowadays, due to the water replenishment from the west, north and south, the hydrodynamic conditions changed significantly. In the west, pollution control projects were carried out, and the spatial distribution of water quality in Baiyangdian Lake are showing a characteristics of homogenization.

Política ambiental institucional / Institutional environmental policy

La Dirección de Salud Ambiental (DISAM) a través de la Unidad Ambiental, formula la presente Política Ambiental Institucional, que contiene las estrategias y acciones a implementar con la finalidad de proteger y conservar el ambiente, englobadas en los componentes de saneamiento ambiental, agua y cambio climático. Estrategias que contribuyan a proteger el ambiente a través de acciones del personal que labora en las diferentes dependencias del MINSAL

The Environmental Health Directorate (DISAM) through the Environmental Unit, formulates this Institutional Environmental Policy, which contains the strategies and actions to be implemented in order to protect and conserve the environment, encompassed in the components of environmental sanitation, water and climate change. Strategies that contribute to protecting the environment through actions of the personnel that work in the different dependencies of the MINSAL

Mixture toxicity, cumulative risk, and environmental justice in United States federal policy, 1980-2016 : Why, with much known, was little done?

Toxic chemicals - "toxicants" - have been studied and regulated as single entities, and, carcinogens aside, almost all toxicants, single or mixed and however altered, have been thought harmless in very low doses or very weak concentrations. Yet much work in recent decades has shown that toxicants can injure wildlife, laboratory animals, and humans following exposures previously expected to be harmless. Additional work has shown that toxicants can act not only individually and cumulatively but also collectively and even synergistically and that they affect disadvantaged communities inordinately - and therefore, as argued by reformers, unjustly. As late as December 2016, the last full month before the inauguration of a president promising to rescind major environmental regulations, the United States federal environmental-health establishment, as led by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), had not developed coherent strategies to mitigate such risks, to alert the public to their plausibility, or to advise leadership in government and industry about their implications. To understand why, we examined archival materials, reviewed online databases, read internal industry communications, and interviewed experts. We confirmed that external constraints, statutory and judicial, had been in place prior to EPA's earliest interest in mixture toxicity, but we found no overt effort, certainly no successful effort, to loosen those constraints. We also found internal constraints: concerns that fully committing to the study of complex mixtures involving numerous toxicants would lead to methodological drift within the toxicological community and that trying to act on insights from such study could lead only to regulatory futility. Interaction of these constraints, external and internal, shielded the EPA by circumscribing its responsibilities and by impeding movement toward paradigmatic adjustment, but it also perpetuated scientifically dubious policies, such as those limiting the evaluation of commercial chemical formulations, including pesticide formulations, to only those ingredients said by their manufacturers to be active. In this context, regulators' disregard of synergism contrasted irreconcilably with biocide manufacturers' understanding that synergism enhanced lethality and patentability. In the end, an effective national response to mixture toxicity, cumulative risk, and environmental injustice did not emerge. In parallel, though, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, which was less constrained, pursued with scientific investigation what the EPA had not pursued with regulatory action.

Calculation, elasticity and regional differences of agricultural greenhouse gas shadow prices.

Global warming is one of the major threats to human survival and social development. Agriculture, as an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, cannot be ignored. China is the world's largest carbon emitter, and if it does not actively participate, other countries in the world will not be able to achieve the 1.5 degree temperature control target. Hence, the issue of China's agricultural emissions reduction is worthy of attention. As part of this study a framework for estimating agricultural GHG emissions was constructed. A directional distance function was then used to estimate the cost of emission reduction from the perspective of economic output. Furthermore, through the economic elasticity of shadow prices, agricultural economic development and emission reduction were included in the same framework to study the regional gap of agricultural emission reduction models. Finally, reducing agricultural emission reduction costs was discussed from the perspective of economy, technology, and policy. We found that (1) Agricultural emission reduction costs have phased characteristics and regional differences, and differentiated emission reduction cost improvement measures can help with efficient emission reduction. (2) The emission reduction cost in developed regions is more likely to be affected by technological progress and the strength of environmental governance by government. The emission reduction cost in regions dominated by planting is affected by the industrial structure and energy consumption structure. The emission reduction cost in underdeveloped regions is affected by the economic level. (3) We must give full play to the leading role of benchmarking regions in reducing emissions.

[The Tuscan experience on the asbestos discharge process 28 years after the ban: critical issues and future perspectives]. / L'esperienza toscana sul processo di dismissione dell'amianto a 28 anni dal bando: criticità e prospettive future.

OBJECTIVES: to examine the progress of the remediation and disposal of asbestos containing materials (ACMs) in Tuscany Region (Central Italy), the relative workforce employed, and how these activities are framed and reflected in the Italian panorama. DESIGN: descriptive study on the asbestos removal process in Tuscany. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Reports drawn up according to article No. 9 of Law No. 257/92 received by the Tuscany Region from 1993 to 2019. The on-line submission of the reports has been available since 2011. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: quantities and characteristics of used or removed ACMs by compact and friable matrix, the ones transferred to temporary storage and/or landfill plants during 1995-2019; number of employees engaged in activities with asbestos presence, by type and duration of activity during 2015-2019. RESULTS: from 1993 to 2019, the Tuscany Region received a total of 5,284 reports. From 1995 to 2019, a total of 423,487 tons of ACMs were removed in Tuscany, 402,897 in a compact matrix and 20,590 in a friable matrix. Over the past five years, the workers employed in these activities were on average 1,500, with around 182,000 hours per year in contact with ACMs. CONCLUSIONS: Reports article No. 9 are an essential tool to monitor and evaluate the impact of political choices to incentivize the process of ACM removal, which is still proceeding too slowly: still 3/4 of installed ACMs remain in place 28 years after the ban. Furthermore, Reports article No. 9 are a source to identify workers who are potentially exposed to lower doses than in the past; they can be included in epidemiological cohort studies as well as in health surveillance programmes of past asbestos workers, an essential assistance level of collective prevention.

[Technical approach and strategic plan for large-scale ecological and environmental gover-nance and national ecological security pattern construction.] / å¤§å°ºåº¦åŒºåŸŸç”Ÿæ€çŽ¯å¢ƒæ²»ç†åŠå›½å®¶ç”Ÿæ€å®‰å ¨æ ¼å±€æž„å»ºçš„æŠ€æœ¯é€”å¾„å’Œæˆ˜ç•¥å¸ƒå±€.

Terrestrial ecosystems are the core components of the biosphere, supporting human life, production and social and economic activities. With the development of human civilization and the progress of science and technology, the continued expanding resources utilization in terms of scale and intensity has caused environmental problems, including global climate change, biodiversity loss, environmental pollution, resource depletion and ecosystem degradation, which threaten the sustainable development of our society. The public expects ecological research providing scientific theories and systematic solutions for the utilization and protection of ecosystems at the continental and global scale, and the maintenance of sustainable development of human society as well. This study aimed to serve the ecological civilization construction in China, ecological security pattern construction, regional ecological and environmental governance, and the development of macrosystem ecology. We reviewed the effectiveness and experience of regional ecological and environmental governance in China, analyzed the scientific requirements and the characteristics of the times of China's eco-civilization construction towards large-scale ecological research, and proposed using a new philosophy, i.e., nature-based macroecosystem approach, to improve the ecological and environmental governance and ecological security pattern construction at the regional scale. Based on the above-mentioned expounding, we discussed the strategic plan, technical approaches and technological support system of large-scale ecological security pattern construction and ecological and environmental governance in China. This review could provide theoretical references for safe, healthy and beautiful land spatial construction and the progress of eco-civilization of China.